Research methods
How scientific sources are evaluated
From the research question to matching every claim with the right type of evidence.
Molecular identity, analytical performance and biological activity are different questions. Defining the question before searching prevents collection of sources that are…
02Distinguish source typeA primary study reports original data, a systematic review synthesises studies, and regulatory guidance describes principles or expectations. No category answers…
03No claim broader than its sourceEvery statement should stay within the model, population and endpoint examined by its source. In vitro or animal data do not…
Define the question first
Molecular identity, analytical performance and biological activity are different questions. Defining the question before searching prevents collection of sources that are interesting but do not answer it.
Distinguish source type
A primary study reports original data, a systematic review synthesises studies, and regulatory guidance describes principles or expectations. No category answers every question. Preprints and unreviewed summaries require clear labelling.
No claim broader than its source
Every statement should stay within the model, population and endpoint examined by its source. In vitro or animal data do not become human guidance. Date, corrections and conflicts of interest are part of the evaluation.
LABORATORY APPLICATION
Turning the principle into an auditable record
Maintain a claim table with the exact statement, source type, model, endpoint, review date and known limits. For web content, use primary or official sources where possible and recheck links, corrections or retractions during substantive review.
PRIMARY & OFFICIAL SOURCES
Sources and further reading
COMMON QUESTIONS
Questions specific to this topic
Which source is ‘best’?
The one that reliably answers the specific question with appropriate design and transparent data.
Is a review a primary source?
No. It synthesises existing studies and is useful for context, but individual claims should be checked against original sources.
Why check corrections?
Because later correction or retraction can change reliability or the exact wording of a claim.